IMPORTANCE OF
GRAM STAINING
IN BIRDS
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<![CDATA[ Bacterias are classified based on how they respond
to a staining procedure as either Gram +(positive)
like Streptococci,staphylococci..,or Gram-(negative)
like Pseudomonas, E.coli, Salmonella. The latter is
of primary concern in Avian bacterial infections.
A. Is a bird healthy when gram(-) bacteria is
cultured?
1. This depends on the clinical signs, where the
bacteria originated and what type of bacteria
is it.
2. It takes skill and clinical experience to
determine the significance of this gram(-)
culture.
3. Routine cultures of choanae and cloaca of
the individual bird may give the veterinarian
a sense of the potential disease in birds
(every 6 mos. is recommended). This applies
as well to aviary(flock) management situation.
4. Bacterial infections in cage birds are common
because they live in close proximity to their
uneaten food and waste matter. That is why
when spontaneous infections occurs in cage
birds, its usually due to poor husbandry
(control management).
5. Aviary birds run the risk of bacterial
contamination of food and water supply from
wild birds and other animals.
6. Bacterial contamination of the egg could be
before or after the egg is laid.
7. Crop infections (stasis) in unweaned birds is
usually due to the following:
a. Incorrect feeding habits,overfeeding
b. Poor hygiene
c. Primary viral infection
8. Adult birds with signs of illness should be
investigated for diseases that are not
primarily bacterial.
9. Samples for culture from upper
respiratory infections is best taken from the
sinuses(trephination) or a sinus flush.
10. Lower respiratory infections are usually
bacterial and/or fungal in origin.
11. Tracheal samples are usually sterile in
healthy birds, so any bacteria or fungus
cultured is significant.
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